ABSTRACT
Abstract Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an important component of the innate immune system and have been associated with several autoimmune diseases, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to investigate polymorphisms in TLR9 gene in a Brazilian SLE patients group and their association with clinical manifestation, particularly Jaccoud's arthropathy (JA). We analyzed DNA samples from 204 SLE patients, having a subgroup of them presenting JA (n=24). A control group (n=133) from the same city was also included. TLR9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (−1237 C>T and +2848 G>A) were identified by sequencing analysis. The TLR9 gene genotype frequency was similar both in SLE patients and the control group. In the whole SLE population, an association between the homozygosis of allele C at position −1237 with psychosis and anemia (p < 0.01) was found. Likewise, the homozygosis of allele G at position +2848 was associated with a discoid rash (p < 0.05). There was no association between JA and TLR9 polymorphisms. These data show that TLR9 polymorphisms do not seem to be a predisposing factor for SLE in the Brazilian population, and that SNPs are not associated with JA.
Resumo O receptor Toll-like 9 (TLR9) é um componente importante do sistema imunológico inato e tem sido associado a várias doenças autoimunes, como o Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar polimorfismos no gene TLR9 em um grupo de pacientes brasileiros com LES e sua associação com a manifestação clínica, particularmente a artropatia de Jaccoud (JA). Foram analisadas amostras de DNA de 204 pacientes com LES, e um subgrupo com JA (n=24). Um grupo de controle (n=133) da mesma cidade também foi incluído. Os polimorfismos de nucleotídeos únicos TLR9 (SNPs) (−1237 C>T e +2848 G>A) foram identificados pela análise de sequenciamento. A frequência do genótipo genético TLR9 foi semelhante tanto em pacientes com LES quanto no grupo controle. Em toda a população de LES, foi encontrada associação entre a homozigose do alelo C na posição −1237 com psicose e anemia (p < 0,01). Da mesma forma, a homozigose do alelo G na posição +2848 foi associada a uma erupção cutânea discoide (p < 0,05). Não houve associação entre polimorfismos JA e TLR9. Esses dados mostram que os polimorfismos TLR9 não parecem ser um fator predisponível para o LES na população brasileira, e que os SNPs não estão associados ao JA.
Subject(s)
Humans , Toll-Like Receptor 9/genetics , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics , Brazil , Pilot Projects , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Gene Frequency/geneticsABSTRACT
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an important component of the innate immune system and have been associated with several autoimmune diseases, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to investigate polymorphisms in TLR9 gene in a Brazilian SLE patients group and their association with clinical manifestation, particularly Jaccouds arthropathy (JA). We analyzed DNA samples from 204 SLE patients, having a subgroup of them presenting JA (n=24). A control group (n=133) from the same city was also included. TLR9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (−1237 C>T and +2848 G>A) were identified by sequencing analysis. The TLR9 gene genotype frequency was similar both in SLE patients and the control group. In the whole SLE population, an association between the homozygosis of allele C at position −1237 with psychosis and anemia (p < 0.01) was found. Likewise, the homozygosis of allele G at position +2848 was associated with a discoid rash (p < 0.05). There was no association between JA and TLR9 polymorphisms. These data show that TLR9 polymorphisms do not seem to be a predisposing factor for SLE in the Brazilian population, and that SNPs are not associated with JA.
O receptor Toll-like 9 (TLR9) é um componente importante do sistema imunológico inato e tem sido associado a várias doenças autoimunes, como o Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar polimorfismos no gene TLR9 em um grupo de pacientes brasileiros com LES e sua associação com a manifestação clínica, particularmente a artropatia de Jaccoud (JA). Foram analisadas amostras de DNA de 204 pacientes com LES, e um subgrupo com JA (n=24). Um grupo de controle (n=133) da mesma cidade também foi incluído. Os polimorfismos de nucleotídeos únicos TLR9 (SNPs) (−1237 C>T e +2848 G>A) foram identificados pela análise de sequenciamento. A frequência do genótipo genético TLR9 foi semelhante tanto em pacientes com LES quanto no grupo controle. Em toda a população de LES, foi encontrada associação entre a homozigose do alelo C na posição −1237 com psicose e anemia (p < 0,01). Da mesma forma, a homozigose do alelo G na posição +2848 foi associada a uma erupção cutânea discoide (p < 0,05). Não houve associação entre polimorfismos JA e TLR9. Esses dados mostram que os polimorfismos TLR9 não parecem ser um fator predisponível para o LES na população brasileira, e que os SNPs não estão associados ao JA.
Subject(s)
Humans , Joint Diseases/genetics , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics , Toll-Like Receptor 9/analysisABSTRACT
Abstract Local administration of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), agonist cytidine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODNs), and CD40 ligand (CD40L) can decrease ligature-induced periodontal inflammation and bone loss in wild type (WT) mouse. Objective: This study aimed to explore whether such effect is dependent on TLR9 signaling. Material and Methods: Purified spleen B cells isolated from WT C57BL/6J mice and TLR9 knockout (KO) mice were cultured for 48 hours under the following conditions: CD40L, CpG+CD40L, CpG at low, medium and high doses. We determined B cell numbers using a hemocytometer at 24 h and 48 h. Percentages of CD1dhiCD5+ B cells were detected by flow cytometry. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA expression and protein secretion were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and by ELISA, respectively. The silk ligature was tied around the maxillary second molars for 14 days, during which the CpG+CD40L mixture or PBS was injected into palatal gingiva on days 3, 6, and 9. Results: For both WT and TLR9 KO mice, CpG significantly induced B cell proliferation, increased IL-10 mRNA expression and protein secretion of IL-10 but reduced CD1dhiCD5+ B cells population; local injection of CpG+CD40L mixture significantly decreased alveolar bone loss and the number of TRAP-positive cells adjacent to the alveolar bone surface, and significantly increased the gingival mRNA expression of IL-10 and decreased RANKL and IFN-γ mRNA expression. Conclusions: These results indicated that CpG plus CD40L decreased periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss in a TLR9-independent manner in ligature-induced experimental periodontitis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology , Periodontitis/drug therapy , Alveolar Bone Loss/drug therapy , CD40 Ligand/pharmacology , Cytidine/pharmacology , Toll-Like Receptor 9/drug effects , Guanine Nucleotides/pharmacology , Reference Values , Time Factors , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , B-Lymphocytes/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Reproducibility of Results , Interleukin-10/analysis , Disease Models, Animal , Toll-Like Receptor 9/analysis , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Flow Cytometry , Gingiva/drug effects , Gingiva/pathology , Mice, Inbred C57BLABSTRACT
Zebu and Holstein x Zebu crossbred have low incidence of uterine infection when compared to Holstein cows. Resistance to uterine infections may be associated with the ability to recognize invading microorganisms. Endometrial transcription of microbial molecular patterns receptors has been investigated in the postpartum period of Holstein cows, but it is completely unknown in Zebu or Holstein x Zebu cows. In this study, 9 Gyr and 12 F1 Holstein x Gyr cows were submitted to endometrial biopsies at the first and seventh days postpartum, with the objective to measure transcription levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1/6, 2, 4, 5, and 9; nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors 1 and 2; and coreceptors cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2). There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in transcription of TLR5 in Gyr, and an increase in transcription of TLR9 in F1 cows, between the first and seventh day postpartum. Both groups had low incidences of uterine infections up to 42 days postpartum. Uterine involution completed at 27.7 ± 10.1 and 25.1 ± 4.7 days postpartum for Gyr and F1 cows, respectively. In Gyr cows, higher transcription levels of TLR1/6 and NOD1 correlated to a longer period required for uterine involution. In F1 cows, lower levels of TLR1/6, TLR2 and NOD2 correlated to a longer period required for uterine involution. In conclusion, some pathogen recognition receptors associated significantly with the time required for uterine involution in Gyr and F1 cows.(AU)
Vacas Zebu e mestiças Holandês x Zebu apresentam baixas incidências de infecções uterinas quando comparadas às Holandesas. A resistência às infecções uterinas pode estar relacionada com a capacidade de reconhecimento dos microrganismos invasores. A transcrição endometrial de receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos tem sido investigada em vacas Holandesas recém-paridas, porém ainda é desconhecida em vacas Zebu e mestiças Holandês x Zebu. No presente estudo, nove vacas Gir e 12 F1 Holandês x Gir foram submetidas a biópsias endometriais no primeiro e no sétimo dia após o parto, com o objetivo de mensurar os níveis de transcrição gênica dos receptores tipo Toll (TLRs) 1/6, 2, 4, 5 e 9; receptores tipo NOD 1 e 2; e dos coreceptores CD14 e MD-2. Houve diminuição significativa (P < 0,05) do nível de transcrição de TLR5 em vacas Gir e aumento da transcrição de TLR9 em vacas F1, entre o primeiro e o sétimo dia após o parto. Os dois grupos apresentaram baixas incidências de infecções uterinas até 42 dias pós-parto. O período de involução uterina foi de 27,7 ± 10,1 e 25,1 ± 4,7 dias pós-parto, para vacas Gir e F1, respectivamente. No grupo de vacas Gir, altos níveis de transcrição de TLR1/6 e NOD1 tiveram correlação significativa com o prolongamento do período de involução uterina. No grupo de vacas F1, baixos níveis de transcrição de TLR1/6, TLR2 e NOD2 foram associados a maiores períodos de involução uterina. Portanto, os níveis de transcrição endometrial de alguns receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos na primeira semana após o parto podem estar relacionados com o tempo requerido para ocorrência da involução uterina em vacas Gir e F1.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Biopsy/veterinary , Endometrium/ultrastructure , Toll-Like Receptor 9/analysis , Immunity, Innate , Transcription, GeneticABSTRACT
Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical mediators of the inflammatory response to malarial infection, and gene polymorphisms affecting TLR function may be partially responsible for inter-individual variation in disease manifestation. However, there are inconsistencies in the associations of common genetic variants of TLR4 (D299G) and TLR9 (T-1237C and T-1486C) with malaria outcome. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify relevant and independent Plasmodium falciparum-infected case-control studies, and meta-analysis including six studies for each SNP was performed to obtain more precise estimates of the pooled effects of these variants. The results showed significant associations of the -1486C allele with the risk of severe malaria in allele contrast (T vs. C, p = 0.004, OR = 1.26) and homozygous (TT vs. CC, p = 0.03, OR = 1.51) genetic models. There was no association between the D299G or T-1237C variants and uncomplicated or severe malaria using any of the genetic models tested. However, in stratified analysis, -1237C was associated with the risk of severe malaria in Indian adults (TT vs. TC, p = 0.06, OR = 2.13; TT vs. TC+CC, p <0.00001, OR = 2.65), suggesting that our results must be considered preliminary. The robustness of -1486C as a risk factor warrants investigation into its functionality in malaria pathogenesis. Further, the lack of an association with the T-1237C variant was weak, and future studies examining more detailed individual data from different ethnic groups are essential for confirmation of its genetic contribution to malaria.
Subject(s)
Humans , Malaria, Falciparum/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Toll-Like Receptor 9/genetics , Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics , Severity of Illness Index , Risk Factors , GenotypeABSTRACT
Abstract IL-10 expressing regulatory B cells (B10) play a key role in immune system balance by limiting excessive inflammatory responses. Effects of toll-like receptor signaling and co-stimulatory molecules on B10 activity during innate and adaptive immune responses are not fully understood. Objective This study is to determine the effects of P. gingivalis LPS and CpG on B10 cell expansion and IL-10 competency in vitro. Material and Methods Spleen B cells were isolated from C57BL/6J mice with or without formalin-fixed P. gingivalis immunization. B cells were cultured for 48 hours under the following conditions: CD40L, CD40L+LPS, CD40L+CpG, and CD40L+LPS+CpG in the presence or absence of fixed P. gingivalis. Percentages of CD1dhiCD5+ B cells were measured by flow cytometry. IL-10 mRNA expression and secreted IL-10 were measured by real-time quantitative PCR and by ELISA respectively. Results P. gingivalis LPS plus CD40L significantly increased CD1dhiCD5+ B cell percentages and secreted IL-10 levels in both immunized and non-immunized mice B cells in the presence or absence of P. gingivalis, compared with control group. Secreted IL-10 levels were significantly increased in CD40L+LPS treated group compared with CD40L treatment group in the absence of P. gingivalis. CpG plus CD40L significantly decreased CD1dhiCD5+ B cell percentages, but greatly elevated secreted IL-10 levels in immunized and non-immunized mice B cells in the absence of P. gingivalis, compared with CD40L treatment group. Conclusions P. gingivalis LPS and CpG differentially enhance IL-10 secretion and expansion of mouse B10 cells during innate and adaptive immune responses.
Subject(s)
Animals , Lipopolysaccharides/physiology , Interleukin-10/immunology , Porphyromonas gingivalis/physiology , CD40 Ligand/physiology , Toll-Like Receptor 9/agonists , Toll-Like Receptor 4/agonists , B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , Spleen/cytology , Time Factors , RNA, Messenger/analysis , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Random Allocation , Cells, Cultured , Interleukin-10/analysis , Interleukin-10 , Toll-Like Receptor 9/physiology , Toll-Like Receptor 4/physiology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Immunity, Innate , Mice, Inbred C57BLABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The -1237T/C polymorphism of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) gene has been implicated in the susceptibility of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), but the results remain conflicting. We further investigated this association via meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multiple electronic databases were extensively searched until February, 2015. The strength of association was evaluated by calculating the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A total of 2987 cases and 2388 controls from eight studies were analyzed. Overall, association was found between TLR9 -1237T/C polymorphism and the risk of IBDs when all the studies were pooled (recessive model, OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.02-2.47, p=0.04; homozygote comparison, OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.04-2.52, p=0.03; allele model, OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.00-1.27, p=0.05). Stratification by ethnicity indicated an association between TLR9 -1237T/C polymorphism and IBDs risk in Caucasians (recessive model, OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.02-2.47, p=0.04; homozygote comparison, OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.04-2.52, p=0.03; allele model, OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.00-1.27, p=0.05). When stratified by disease type, significant correlation were only found in the Crohn's disease subgroup (recessive model, OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.05-2.73, p=0.03; homozygote model, OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.07-2.82, p=0.02; allele model, OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01-1.32, p=0.04). CONCLUSION: The present study suggested that the TLR9 -1237T/C polymorphism might act as a risk factor in the development of IBDs, particularly in Caucasians.
Subject(s)
Humans , Alleles , White People/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Homozygote , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/ethnology , Odds Ratio , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Risk Factors , Toll-Like Receptor 9/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is mainly secreted from Th17 cells that are activated by various stimuli including CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand. Recently, it has been demonstrated that keratinocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential role of keratinocytes, we examined whether TLR9 ligand CpG induces IL-17A expression in keratinocytes. METHODS: We used HaCaT keratinocytes as a model system, and determined CpG-induced IL-17A using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. RESULTS: When HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with CpG, the expression of several cytokines including IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor-α and CCL20 was markedly increased. Treatment with nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitor significantly blocked the CpG-induced IL-17A production, indicating that CpG induced IL-17A expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, IL-17A secreted from keratinocytes stimulated the CD4⁺ T cells, resulting in strong induction of IL-22 production. CONCLUSION: Since IL-22 is an important mediator for psoriatic inflammation, our data suggest that keratinocytes can participate in the pathogenesis of psoriasis via the TLR9-dependent IL-17A production.
Subject(s)
Blotting, Western , Cytokines , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Inflammation , Interleukin-17 , Keratinocytes , Necrosis , Psoriasis , T-Lymphocytes , Th17 Cells , Toll-Like Receptor 9ABSTRACT
RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de angina do peito na população adulta brasileira com a aplicação do questionário de Rose para angina na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS-2013). Métodos: Inquérito populacional representativo da população brasileira acima de 18 anos de idade, com amostragem probabilística conglomerada em três estágios. Foram obtidos registros de entrevistas de 60.202 indivíduos no território nacional. Apresentou-se ao entrevistado o questionário de Rose curto com três questões, adaptado por Lawlor em 2003 e validado no Brasil, para identificar angina do peito grau I (leve) e II (moderada/grave). Calcularam-se os valores de prevalência com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) segundo sexo, faixa etária, escolaridade e raça/cor. Resultados: A prevalência de angina leve (grau I) foi de 7,6% (IC95% 7,2 - 8,0) para toda população, com frequência maior em mulheres - 9,1% (IC95% 8,5 - 9,7) - do que em homens - 5,9% (5,3 - 6,4). A frequência de angina moderada/grave (grau II) foi 4,2 (IC95% 3,9 - 4,5), também mais frequente em mulheres - 5,2% (IC95% 4,7 - 5,6) - do que em homens - 3,0% (IC95% 2,7 - 3,4). A prevalência de angina por faixa etária aumentou progressivamente com a idade. A prevalência de angina, de qualquer tipo, foi inversa aos anos de estudo formal. Apesar do valor maior da presença de angina em negros, não houve diferença significativa por raça/cor da pele. Conclusão: Os valores de prevalência elevada de angina do peito na população brasileira acima de 18 anos foram compatíveis com estudos em outros países, revelando a importância da doença coronariana como problema de saúde pública.
ABSTRACT: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of angina pectoris in the Brazilian adult population with the use of the Rose questionnaire for angina in the National Health Survey (PNS 2013). Methods: Population survey representing the Brazilian population aged 18 years and older, with probability carried out sampling in three stages. The interview records of 60,202 individuals were obtained in the country. The respondent was presented with the short Rose questionnaire with three questions, adapted by Lawlor in 2003 and validated in Brazil, to identify angina pectoris grade I (mild) and II (moderate/severe). The prevalence rate was calculated with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) according to sex, age, education, and race/color. Results: The prevalence of mild angina (grade I) was of 7.6% (95%CI 7.2 - 8.0) for the entire population, more frequently in women - 9.1% (95%CI 8.5 - 9.7) - than in men - 5.9% (95%CI 5.3 - 6.4). The frequency of moderate/severe angina (grade II) was of 4.2 (95%CI 3.9 - 4.5), also more common in women - 5.2% (95%CI 4.7 - 5.6) - than in men - 3.0% (95%CI 2.7 - 3.4). The prevalence of angina by age group increased progressively with age. The prevalence of angina of any sort was inverse to years of formal study. Despite the higher value of the presence of angina in black people, there was no significant difference by race/skin color. Conclusion: The high prevalence rate of angina pectoris in the population aged 18 years and above was consistent with studies in other countries, revealing the importance of coronary heart disease as a public health problem.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , DNA , Drug Carriers , Nanotubes , Cell Line , CpG Islands , DNA , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Toll-Like Receptor 9/metabolismABSTRACT
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [SLE] is an autoimmune disorder affecting almost all organs and tissues. Dermatomyositis [DM] is a chronic muscle disorder that leads to muscle destruction. Although DM mechanisms remain unclear, there is an evidence of autoimmune origin. Toll-like receptors [TLRs] are the key initiators of innate and adaptive immune response due to high production of proinflammatory mediators and activation of antigen presentation. We used qPCR to investigate the expression of TLR4 and TLR9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs] from SLE and DM patients, as well as muscle tissue biopsies from the DM patients, to explore their role and study their correlations with clinical manifestations and disease activity. Our findings showed a significant increase in TLR4 and TLR9 expression levels in PBMCs from SLE patients and muscle biopsies from DM patients. Such results emphasize the role of TLR signaling and innate immune system in the pathogenesis of both diseases
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Adult , Dermatomyositis , Toll-Like Receptors , Toll-Like Receptor 4 , Toll-Like Receptor 9ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of opiate abuse on the expression of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-1-infected patients and to elucidate possible mechanisms involved in the enhancement of HIV-1 replication by opiate abuse. A total of 200 participants were enrolled in the study by random selection from methadone treatment centers and voluntary HIV counseling and testing centers in the cities of Nanning, Liuzhou, and Qinzhou. These participants included 50 HIV-positive opiate abusers (Opiates HIV(+) group), 50 HIV-negative opiate abusers (Opiates HIV(-) group), 50 HIV-positive subjects who were not opiate abusers (Non-opiates HIV (+) group), and 50 HIV-negative subjects who were not opiate abusers (Control group). PBMCs were isolated from the peripheral blood samples from the subjects and the expression levels of TLR9 mRNA and protein were determined by q-PCR and western blot respectively. There was no significant difference among the four groups in age, gender, nationality, domicile, marital status, educational background or duration of drug abuse (P > 0.05). The median viral loads of the Opiates HIV(+) were significantly higher than those of the Non-Opiates HIV(+) groups (4.450 x 10(3) and 3.977 x 10(3) copies/mL respectively, P < 0.05). The relative expression levels of TLR9 mRNA in the Opiates HIV(+), Non-Opiates HIV(+), Opiates HIV(-) and Control groups were (2.13 +/- 1.59) x 10(-3), (3.66 +/- 2.22) x 10(-3), (1.96 +/- 1.42) x 10(-3) and (7.66 +/- 4.87) x 10(-3), respectively. The expression of TLR9 mRNA was significantly lower in both HIV-1-infected and -uninfected groups of opiate abusers compared with groups of non-abusers (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in TLR9 mRNA expression levels between the Opiates HIV(+) group and the Opiates HIV(-) group (P > 0.05). However, in the non-opiate groups, the expression levels of TLR9 mRNA in the HIV(+) group were significantly lower than that of the control group (P< 0.05). Western blot results confirmed that the expression of TLR9 protein was lower in the Opiates HIV(+), Non-Opiates HIV(+), and Opiates HIV(-) groups compared to the control group. These results suggest that opiate abuse can decrease the expression of TLR9 in PBMCs, which may result in the enhancement of HIV-1 infection and replication due to a decline in immune response mediated by the TLR9 pathway.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , HIV Infections , Genetics , Metabolism , Virology , HIV-1 , Physiology , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Metabolism , Opioid-Related Disorders , Genetics , Metabolism , Toll-Like Receptor 9 , Genetics , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore efficacy enhancing and detoxification roles of Jiedu Quyu Zishen Recipe (JQZR) in treating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by studying its effect on Toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) signal pathway of murine macrophage cells after JQZR stimulated CpG oligodeoxynucletide (CpG ODN).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Murine macrophage cells in vitro cultured were randomly divided into 4 groups, i.e., the blank serum group, the CpG ODN stimulus group, the CpG ODN + dexamethasone group, the CpG ODN + medicated serum group. Murine macrophage cells were collected after 24-h intervention. The expression of TLR9, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), NF-KB, IFN-α mRNA were analyzed by RT-PCR. The expression of TLR9 and NF-κB protein were analyzed by Western blot. Changes of the NF-KB transcriptional activity were assayed by Dual-Luciferase reporter assay system.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>mRNA expressions of TLR9, MyD88, NF-κB, and IFN-α, protein expressions of TLR9 and NF-κB, and NF-κB transcriptional activities were enhanced, showing statistical difference when compared with those of the blank serum group (P <0. 05, P <0. 01). Compared with the CpG ODN stimulus group, mRNA expressions of MyD88, NF-κB, and IFN-α, the protein expression of NF-κB and the NF-κB transcriptional activities decreased in the CpG ODN + dexamethasone group with statistical difference (P <0. 01). Compared with the CpG ODN stimulus group, mRNA expressions of TLR9, MyD88, NF-κB, and IFN-α, protein expressions of TLR9 and NF-κB, and NF-κB transcriptional activities were decreased in CpG ODN+ medicated serum group with statistical difference (P <0. 01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Efficacy enhancing and detoxification roles of JQZR in treatment of SLE might be realized through regulating TLR9 signal pathways.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Cell Line , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Macrophages , Metabolism , Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 , NF-kappa B , RNA, Messenger , Signal Transduction , Toll-Like Receptor 9 , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the changes in circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) during the course of treatment with pegylated-interferon alfa-2s (peg-IFNa-2a) and to determine the correlations with therapeutic response.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-one patients with CHB who were receiving peg-IFNa-2a antiviral treatment for 48 weeks were enrolled in the study.Expression of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) on and frequency and functionality of the pDCs were analyzed at treatment weeks 0, 2, 12, 24, 36 and 48.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients exhibited an initially rapid decrease in the numbers of circulating pDCs and showed CpG-induced endogenous IFNa production within the first 2 weeks of treatment.Subsequently, all responders displayed a continuous increase in pDC numbers as well as functionality, both of which peaked around week 12 of treatment; in addition, these treatment responses were accompanied by significantly increased levels of type 1 T helper cytokines (P less than 0.05), which did not occur in the non-responders.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>pDCs are involved in the initial therapeutic immune response stimulated by peg-IFNa-2a treatment.Recovery of blood pDC number and functionality may represent a predictor of favorable response to peg-IFNa-2a antiviral treatment in patients with CHB.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Antiviral Agents , Dendritic Cells , Hepatitis B, Chronic , Interferon-alpha , Polyethylene Glycols , Recombinant Proteins , Toll-Like Receptor 9 , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise two functionally distinct subsets: plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and myeloid DCs (mDCs). pDCs are specialized in rapid and massive secretion of type I interferon (IFN-I) in response to nucleic acids through Toll like receptor (TLR)-7 or TLR-9. In this report, we characterized a CD56(+) DC population that express typical pDC markers including CD123 and BDCA2 but produce much less IFN-I comparing with pDCs. In addition, CD56(+) DCs cluster together with mDCs but not pDCs by genome-wide transcriptional profiling. Accordingly, CD56(+) DCs functionally resemble mDCs by producing IL-12 upon TLR4 stimulation and priming naïve T cells without prior activation. These data suggest that the CD56(+) DCs represent a novel mDC subset mixed with some pDC features. A CD4(+)CD56(+) hematological malignancy was classified as blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) due to its expression of characteristic molecules of pDCs. However, we demonstrated that BPDCN is closer to CD56(+) DCs than pDCs by global gene-expression profiling. Thus, we propose that the CD4(+)CD56(+) neoplasm may be a tumor counterpart of CD56(+) mDCs but not pDCs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biomarkers , Metabolism , CD56 Antigen , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Cell Lineage , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Dendritic Cells , Allergy and Immunology , Metabolism , Pathology , Gene Expression , Hematologic Neoplasms , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Pathology , Immunophenotyping , Interferon Type I , Metabolism , Interleukin-12 , Metabolism , Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Lectins, C-Type , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Membrane Glycoproteins , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Myeloid Cells , Allergy and Immunology , Metabolism , Pathology , Receptors, Immunologic , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Terminology as Topic , Toll-Like Receptor 4 , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Toll-Like Receptor 7 , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Toll-Like Receptor 9 , Genetics , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
Several evidences suggested that Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) plays an important role in atherosclerosis and neuroprotection but the association between the TLR9 and risk for stroke or outcomes after stroke has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between TLR9 polymorphisms and the risk for ischemic stroke using a case-control study design. We also explored the correlation between the polymorphisms and outcomes after stroke. We enrolled consecutive Korean stroke patients and controls without history of stroke. Four polymorphisms, namely c.-1486T>C, c.-1237C>T, c.1174A>G, and c.2848G>A were examined using polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing. Initially we examined 193 stroke patients and the same number of healthy adults who had no history of stroke as controls. Due to deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of initial controls, we performed genetic analysis of two polymorphisms (c.1174A>G and c.2848G>A) for additional 165 controls. The genotype frequency of four polymorphisms did not differ significantly between stroke patients and controls in unadjusted analysis. The variant allele (C) in c.-1486 locus was associated with significantly increased chance of favorable functional outcome at three month after stroke (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.02~5.26, p = 0.043).
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Alleles , Atherosclerosis , Case-Control Studies , Genotype , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Stroke , Toll-Like Receptor 9 , Toll-Like ReceptorsABSTRACT
Recognition of pathogens is performed by specific receptors in cells of the innate immune system, which may undergo modulation during the continuum of clinical manifestations of sepsis. Monocytes and neutrophils play a key role in host defense by sensing and destroying microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of CD14 receptors on monocytes; CD66b and CXCR2 receptors on neutrophils; and TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR9, and CD11b receptors on both cell types of septic patients. Seventy-seven septic patients (SP) and 40 healthy volunteers (HV) were included in the study, and blood samples were collected on day zero (D0) and after 7 days of therapy (D7). Evaluation of the cellular receptors was carried out by flow cytometry. Expression of CD14 on monocytes and of CD11b and CXCR2 on neutrophils from SP was lower than that from HV. Conversely, expression of TLR5 on monocytes and neutrophils was higher in SP compared with HV. Expression of TLR2 on the surface of neutrophils and that of TLR5 on monocytes and neutrophils of SP was lower at D7 than at D0. In addition, SP who survived showed reduced expression of TLR2 and TLR4 on the surface of neutrophils at D7 compared to D0. Expression of CXCR2 for surviving patients was higher at follow-up compared to baseline. We conclude that expression of recognition and cell signaling receptors is differentially regulated between SP and HV depending on the receptor being evaluated.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Chemokines/blood , Integrins/blood , Monocytes/chemistry , Neutrophils/chemistry , Sepsis/immunology , Toll-Like Receptors/blood , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antigens, CD/blood , /blood , /blood , Cell Adhesion Molecules/blood , Flow Cytometry , GPI-Linked Proteins/blood , Hospital Mortality , Immunophenotyping , Intensive Care Units , /blood , Statistics, Nonparametric , Sepsis/therapy , Treatment Outcome , Toll-Like Receptor 9/blood , /blood , /blood , /bloodABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: O Sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) é a neoplasia mais frequente dos doentes com Aids. É causada pelo herpes-vírus 8 (HHV-8). As células dendríticas plasmocitóides (CDp) são especializadas na produção de interferon tipo 1 e participam da resposta imune aos vírus. Os receptores "toll-like" são os principais receptores de reconhecimento de padrão, sendo que os receptores toll-like (TLR) 3 e 9 têm função no reconhecimento de vírus. O D2-40 é o anticorpo que reconhece a podoplanina, uma proteína transmembrana, presente no endotélio linfático e que tem função na imunidade. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar e comparar os componentes da imunidade inata: CDp e TLR 3 e 9, nas lesões cutâneas de SK associado a Aids e esporádico. Identificar a presença do HHV-8 nas CDp. Verificar o componente endotelial linfático na progressão das lesões de SK e comparar a expressão dos elementos da imunidade inata estudados, nas lesões com menor e maior componente endotelial linfático. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 50 biopsias de pacientes com diagnóstico de SK, todos com comprovação pelo exame histopatológico e demonstração do antígeno nuclear associado à latência (LANA) do HHV-8. Foram avaliados 11 biopsias de SK da forma clássica (SKc), 22 lesões de doentes com Aids (SK-Aids) e de 17 de doentes com Aids submetidos a tratamento com terapia antirretroviral altamente eficaz (SK-Aids/HAART). Os espécimes foram submetidos a exame por técnica imuno-histoquímica para evidenciar a presença de CDp (anticorpo CD303/BDCA-2), a expressão de TLR 3 e 9, bem como de podoplanina (anticorpo D2-40). Foi realizada também técnica de dupla marcação com CD303 e LANA, objetivando a identificação de CDp infectadas pelo HHV-8.Vinte e três espécimes de granuloma piogênico constituíram o grupo controle. A população de CDp e expressão de TLR 3 e TLR 9 também foi comparada nas lesões cutâneas de SK de doentes com e sem comprometimento visceral pela neoplasia; lesões não tumorais (máculo-papulares/placas)...
Introduction: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common Aids-associated malignancy. It is caused by human herpesvirus-8. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are professional interferon producing cells, and participate in the immune response against viruses. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are the main pattern recognition receptors, and TLR 3 and TLR 9 participate in the recognition of viruses. Podoplanin, recognized by antibody D2-40, is a transmembrane protein identified on lymphatic endothelial cells with functions inimmunity. Objective: Demonstrate and compare some innate immunity components: pDC, TLR 3 and TLR 9, in cutaneous lesions of Aids-associated Kaposi's sarcoma and classic Kaposi's sarcoma. Identify the infection of pDC by HHV-8. Compare the lymphatic endothelial component in the course of tumor progression and compare the expression of innate immunity elements in lesions with a predominance of lymphatic endothelial components or not. Methods: Retrospective study of 50 biopsies diagnosed as Kaposi's sarcoma withpositive staining for latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) of HHV-8. Eleven classic KS, 22 Aids-associated KS and 17 Aids-associated KS from patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were assessed. Paraffinembedded tissue was submitted to immunohistochemistry technique in order to demonstrate pDC (CD303/BDCA-2 antibody), expression of TLR 3, TLR 9 and podoplanin (D2-40 antibody). We performed double staining with CD303 and LANA in order to identify pDC infection with HHV-8. Twenty-three pyogenic granuloma(PG) specimens were analyzed as a control group. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells population, TLR 3 and TLR 9 expressions were compared between patients with and without visceral disease, nodular stageandpatch/plaque stage and according to bloodlymphocytes T CD4 count(< and >=350 cells/mm3)...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Dendritic Cells , Immunity, Innate , Immunohistochemistry , Sarcoma, Kaposi , Toll-Like Receptor 9ABSTRACT
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) family may play important roles in inflammatory bowel disease. This study examined the expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in the colonic tissues of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and explored their roles in the pathogenesis of UC. Colonic biopsies were taken from the colon of 30 patients with mild or moderate UC (at active phase) and 10 healthy controls during colonoscopy. TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 protein expression levels were immunohistochemically detected. The mRNA expression levels of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 were assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The disease activity index (DAI), colonoscopic and histologic grades and fecal microbial flora were determined. Histological examination showed that the intestinal mucous membrane of UC patients underwent acute inflammation changes. Immunohistochemistry exhibited that the expression levels of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in colon epithelia and inflammatory cells were higher in UC patients than in control group (P<0.01). The mRNA expression levels of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 were increased in UC patients but were not detected in the normal controls. Expression levels of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 were positively correlated, and bore close correlation with DAI, colonoscopic and histologic grades and fecal microbial flora. An important mechanism of UC might be that abnormal activation of mucosal immunity by intestinal dysbacteriosis caused dysregulation of TLRS that mediates innate immunity.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Colitis, Ulcerative , Genetics , Metabolism , Pathology , Colon , Metabolism , Microbiology , Colonoscopy , Feces , Microbiology , Gene Expression , Immunohistochemistry , Intestinal Mucosa , Metabolism , Microbiology , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Severity of Illness Index , Toll-Like Receptor 2 , Genetics , Toll-Like Receptor 4 , Genetics , Toll-Like Receptor 9 , GeneticsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To analyze the correlation of polymorphisms of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) (rs179009) and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) (rs187084) in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in the Han population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The genotypes of TLR7IVS2-151 in HCV infection were detected by Sanger sequencing using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism to determine the TLR9 T-1486C single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for all enrolled patients. RESULTS: We found no significant difference between males with spontaneous clearance of HCV versus those chronically infected [chi2=2.71, p=0.10, odd ratios (OR)=0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31-1.11]. However, significant differences were found for the distribution of TLR7 (rs179009) in females (chi2=9.46, p=0.01). In females, a significant difference was also found between chronic hepatitis C and those with spontaneous clearance of HCV in terms of TLR7 IVS2-151G/A allele frequencies (chi2=9.50, p=0.00, OR=0.46, 95% CI 0.28-0.75). In HCV-infected patients, no significant association was found between the frequency of TLR9 genotypes and alleles. CONCLUSION: The site of TLR7 IVS2-151 (rs179009) G/A may be a factor for susceptibility of chronic HCV in the female Han population. TLR9T-1486C (rs18084) SNP may not play a major role in HCV infection. However, individual risk profiles for HCV infection did vary by sex and this relationship should be further investigated.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Alleles , China , Confidence Intervals , Gene Frequency , Genotype , Hepacivirus , Hepatitis C , Hepatitis C, Chronic , Hepatitis , Methods , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Toll-Like Receptor 7 , Toll-Like Receptor 9 , Toll-Like ReceptorsABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TLR2, TLR9, CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) and transcription factor FoxP3 in the pathogenesis of children with infectious mononucleosis (IM). Thirty-five acute IM patients admitted in our hospital from April 2010 to January 2011 were enrolled in this study. Thirty-five healthy subjects were taken as control. The thirty-five patients before treatment were considered as patients in acute stage, after treatment and without clinical symptom they were thought as patients in recovery stage. The expression levels of TLR2, TLR9 and FoxP3 mRNA were detected by real time PCR using SYBR Green I. The expression of T lymphocyte subset CD4(+)CD25(+) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was detected by flow cytometry. The results showed that the relative levels of TLR2 mRNA (4.03 ± 0.56), TLR9 mRNA (8.88 ± 1.56) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of IM patients in acute stage were significantly higher than those of the controls [TLR2 mRNA (2.22 ± 0.57), TLR9 mRNA (3.63 ± 1.30)] and IM patients in recovery stage [TLR2 mRNA (2.76 ± 0.83), TLR9 mRNA (5.34 ± 1.60)] (P < 0.01). The result of CD4(+)CD25(+) (2.38 ± 1.32%) and relative level of FoxP3 mRNA(2.82 ± 0.90) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of IM patients in acute stage were lower than those of the control [CD4(+)CD25(+) (7.85 ± 1.97%), FoxP3 mRNA (4.65 ± 1.23) ] (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in CD4(+)CD25(+) (6.81 ± 1.84%), FoxP3 mRNA(4.11 ± 1.37) levels between IM patients in recovery stage and the controls (P > 0.05). It is concluded that the expression of CD4(+)CD25(+)regulatory T cells is reduced, and its special transcription factor FoxP3 mRNA is down-regulated, but expression levels of TLR2 mRNA, TLR9 mRNA are up-regulated in IM patients of acute stage.